תרגול טכניקות שינון מילים – חזרה

החלק הבא כולל משפטים עם מילה או מילים חסרות. בכל משפט, בחרו את התשובה שמשלימה את המשפט בצורה המדויקת ביותר. 

This part consists of sentences with a word or words missing in each. For each sentence, choose the answer which best completes the sentence.

 1. There was a great deal of _______ from Americans towards Japanese

החלק הבא כולל משפטים עם מילה או מילים חסרות. בכל משפט, בחרו את התשובה שמשלימה את המשפט בצורה המדויקת ביותר. 

This part consists of sentences with a word or words missing in each. For each sentence, choose the answer which best completes the sentence.

2. When the Kneset made the________ about continuing the quarantine, there were a lot of conflicting opinions in the general public.

החלק הבא כולל משפטים עם מילה או מילים חסרות. בכל משפט, בחרו את התשובה שמשלימה את המשפט בצורה המדויקת ביותר. 

This part consists of sentences with a word or words missing in each. For each sentence, choose the answer which best completes the sentence.

3. One of the most important traits of a mime is being extremely _________, with exaggerated facial expressions.

החלק הבא כולל משפטים עם מילה או מילים חסרות. בכל משפט, בחרו את התשובה שמשלימה את המשפט בצורה המדויקת ביותר. 

This part consists of sentences with a word or words missing in each. For each sentence, choose the answer which best completes the sentence.

4. In order to _______ the sounds coming from the stage to higher levels, the crew brought in an advanced surround system.

החלק הבא כולל משפטים עם מילה או מילים חסרות. בכל משפט, בחרו את התשובה שמשלימה את המשפט בצורה המדויקת ביותר. 

This part consists of sentences with a word or words missing in each. For each sentence, choose the answer which best completes the sentence.

5. Archeologists discovered long ago that ______ civilizations had a lot in common with modern ones, such as family homes and heirlooms.

החלק הבא כולל משפטים עם מילה או מילים חסרות. בכל משפט, בחרו את התשובה שמשלימה את המשפט בצורה המדויקת ביותר. 

This part consists of sentences with a word or words missing in each. For each sentence, choose the answer which best completes the sentence.

6. One of the most common psychological maladies today is ________, which manifests due to the great amount of stress there is at present on most of the population.

החלק הבא כולל משפטים עם מילה או מילים חסרות. בכל משפט, בחרו את התשובה שמשלימה את המשפט בצורה המדויקת ביותר. 

This part consists of sentences with a word or words missing in each. For each sentence, choose the answer which best completes the sentence.

7. The job of the court jester was to _______ the king and other royalty. It was important to keep the king in a good mood, otherwise the jesters could’ve lost their heads.

החלק הבא כולל משפטים עם מילה או מילים חסרות. בכל משפט, בחרו את התשובה שמשלימה את המשפט בצורה המדויקת ביותר. 

This part consists of sentences with a word or words missing in each. For each sentence, choose the answer which best completes the sentence.

8. Arthur often described his co-captain Mark as the rational ________ of their ship.

החלק הבא כולל משפטים עם מילה או מילים חסרות. בכל משפט, בחרו את התשובה שמשלימה את המשפט בצורה המדויקת ביותר. 

This part consists of sentences with a word or words missing in each. For each sentence, choose the answer which best completes the sentence.

9. Most people will find it impossible to _________ the number of things De Vinci did in his lifetime.

החלק הבא כולל משפטים עם מילה או מילים חסרות. בכל משפט, בחרו את התשובה שמשלימה את המשפט בצורה המדויקת ביותר. 

This part consists of sentences with a word or words missing in each. For each sentence, choose the answer which best completes the sentence.

10. When someone is elected as a public figure, they should understand their part and act _________.

החלק הבא כולל משפטים עם מילה או מילים חסרות. בכל משפט, בחרו את התשובה שמשלימה את המשפט בצורה המדויקת ביותר. 

This part consists of sentences with a word or words missing in each. For each sentence, choose the answer which best completes the sentence.

11. Unfortunately, newspaper reporters are not always held ________ for their reports, which are susceptible to being very subjective.

החלק הבא כולל משפטים עם מילה או מילים חסרות. בכל משפט, בחרו את התשובה שמשלימה את המשפט בצורה המדויקת ביותר. 

This part consists of sentences with a word or words missing in each. For each sentence, choose the answer which best completes the sentence.

12.  Alfred Dreyfus was ________ of treason in 1894, and his trial was one of the most controversial and polarizing political dramas in modern French history.

החלק הבא כולל משפטים עם מילה או מילים חסרות. בכל משפט, בחרו את התשובה שמשלימה את המשפט בצורה המדויקת ביותר. 

This part consists of sentences with a word or words missing in each. For each sentence, choose the answer which best completes the sentence.

13. Jean-Paul Sartre was not merely a casual _________ of Albert Camus, but rather a good friend that he debated with often.

החלק הבא כולל משפטים עם מילה או מילים חסרות. בכל משפט, בחרו את התשובה שמשלימה את המשפט בצורה המדויקת ביותר. 

This part consists of sentences with a word or words missing in each. For each sentence, choose the answer which best completes the sentence.

14.   Usually, language is _________ in the first three years of life, barring any pathologies.

החלק הבא כולל משפטים עם מילה או מילים חסרות. בכל משפט, בחרו את התשובה שמשלימה את המשפט בצורה המדויקת ביותר. 

This part consists of sentences with a word or words missing in each. For each sentence, choose the answer which best completes the sentence.

15. In order to ______ the Queen, a person has to thoroughly know the greeting protocols.

החלק הבא כולל קטע קריאה, ואחריו שאלות הקשורות אליו. בכל שאלה, בחרו את התשובה מתאימה ביותר בהתבסס על קטע הקריאה.

This part consists of a reading passage, followed by several related question. For each question, choose the most appropriate answer based on the text.

In 2006 the International Astronomical Union (IAU) demoted the much-loved Pluto from its position as the ninth planet from the Sun to one of five “dwarf planets.” The IAU had likely not anticipated the widespread outrage that followed the change in the solar system’s lineup. When the announcement was made (and even over 10 years later), people around the world objected to the planet’s demotion on principle, saying that it altered tradition and history, rather than engaging with the scientific reasoning. So, what was the IAU’s reason for demoting Pluto when it did? Why is Pluto no longer a planet?

The main event of the 2006 General Assembly of the IAU was the official definition of the term “planet”. The definition was fiercely debated by the members of the union, and this proposal and outcome would come to demote Pluto, as well as become a defining moment for the rest of the solar system. What was once a loose word used to describe a large object within the solar system, was now specific: planets are celestial objects large enough to be made rounded by their gravitational orbit around the Sun and to have shooed away neighboring planetary objects and debris. Pluto is now classified as a dwarf planet because, while it is large enough to have become spherical, it is not big enough to exert its orbital dominance and clear the neighborhood surrounding its orbit.

Before the resolution in 2006, the term “planet” had no working definition. The term was based on classification from before some of the major modern discoveries within the universe, which were made possible by advances in technology. To many citizens of Earth, the demotion of Pluto felt like a break from tradition, and it was precisely that—a positive step forward into a new light, new knowledge, and changing perspectives of the universe.

1. What did the International Astronomical Union not anticipate according to the first paragraph?

החלק הבא כולל קטע קריאה, ואחריו שאלות הקשורות אליו. בכל שאלה, בחרו את התשובה מתאימה ביותר בהתבסס על קטע הקריאה.

This part consists of a reading passage, followed by several related question. For each question, choose the most appropriate answer based on the text.

In 2006 the International Astronomical Union (IAU) demoted the much-loved Pluto from its position as the ninth planet from the Sun to one of five “dwarf planets.” The IAU had likely not anticipated the widespread outrage that followed the change in the solar system’s lineup. When the announcement was made (and even over 10 years later), people around the world objected to the planet’s demotion on principle, saying that it altered tradition and history, rather than engaging with the scientific reasoning. So, what was the IAU’s reason for demoting Pluto when it did? Why is Pluto no longer a planet?

The main event of the 2006 General Assembly of the IAU was the official definition of the term “planet”. The definition was fiercely debated by the members of the union, and this proposal and outcome would come to demote Pluto, as well as become a defining moment for the rest of the solar system. What was once a loose word used to describe a large object within the solar system, was now specific: planets are celestial objects large enough to be made rounded by their gravitational orbit around the Sun and to have shooed away neighboring planetary objects and debris. Pluto is now classified as a dwarf planet because, while it is large enough to have become spherical, it is not big enough to exert its orbital dominance and clear the neighborhood surrounding its orbit.

Before the resolution in 2006, the term “planet” had no working definition. The term was based on classification from before some of the major modern discoveries within the universe, which were made possible by advances in technology. To many citizens of Earth, the demotion of Pluto felt like a break from tradition, and it was precisely that—a positive step forward into a new light, new knowledge, and changing perspectives of the universe.

2. What was the reason for the outrage mentioned in the first paragraph?

החלק הבא כולל קטע קריאה, ואחריו שאלות הקשורות אליו. בכל שאלה, בחרו את התשובה מתאימה ביותר בהתבסס על קטע הקריאה.

This part consists of a reading passage, followed by several related question. For each question, choose the most appropriate answer based on the text.

In 2006 the International Astronomical Union (IAU) demoted the much-loved Pluto from its position as the ninth planet from the Sun to one of five “dwarf planets.” The IAU had likely not anticipated the widespread outrage that followed the change in the solar system’s lineup. When the announcement was made (and even over 10 years later), people around the world objected to the planet’s demotion on principle, saying that it altered tradition and history, rather than engaging with the scientific reasoning. So, what was the IAU’s reason for demoting Pluto when it did? Why is Pluto no longer a planet?

The main event of the 2006 General Assembly of the IAU was the official definition of the term “planet”. The definition was fiercely debated by the members of the union, and this proposal and outcome would come to demote Pluto, as well as become a defining moment for the rest of the solar system. What was once a loose word used to describe a large object within the solar system, was now specific: planets are celestial objects large enough to be made rounded by their gravitational orbit around the Sun and to have shooed away neighboring planetary objects and debris. Pluto is now classified as a dwarf planet because, while it is large enough to have become spherical, it is not big enough to exert its orbital dominance and clear the neighborhood surrounding its orbit.

Before the resolution in 2006, the term “planet” had no working definition. The term was based on classification from before some of the major modern discoveries within the universe, which were made possible by advances in technology. To many citizens of Earth, the demotion of Pluto felt like a break from tradition, and it was precisely that—a positive step forward into a new light, new knowledge, and changing perspectives of the universe.

3. What was the main event of the 2006 General Assembly of the IAU according to the second paragraph?

החלק הבא כולל קטע קריאה, ואחריו שאלות הקשורות אליו. בכל שאלה, בחרו את התשובה מתאימה ביותר בהתבסס על קטע הקריאה.

This part consists of a reading passage, followed by several related question. For each question, choose the most appropriate answer based on the text.

In 2006 the International Astronomical Union (IAU) demoted the much-loved Pluto from its position as the ninth planet from the Sun to one of five “dwarf planets.” The IAU had likely not anticipated the widespread outrage that followed the change in the solar system’s lineup. When the announcement was made (and even over 10 years later), people around the world objected to the planet’s demotion on principle, saying that it altered tradition and history, rather than engaging with the scientific reasoning. So, what was the IAU’s reason for demoting Pluto when it did? Why is Pluto no longer a planet?

The main event of the 2006 General Assembly of the IAU was the official definition of the term “planet”. The definition was fiercely debated by the members of the union, and this proposal and outcome would come to demote Pluto, as well as become a defining moment for the rest of the solar system. What was once a loose word used to describe a large object within the solar system, was now specific: planets are celestial objects large enough to be made rounded by their gravitational orbit around the Sun and to have shooed away neighboring planetary objects and debris. Pluto is now classified as a dwarf planet because, while it is large enough to have become spherical, it is not big enough to exert its orbital dominance and clear the neighborhood surrounding its orbit.

Before the resolution in 2006, the term “planet” had no working definition. The term was based on classification from before some of the major modern discoveries within the universe, which were made possible by advances in technology. To many citizens of Earth, the demotion of Pluto felt like a break from tradition, and it was precisely that—a positive step forward into a new light, new knowledge, and changing perspectives of the universe.

4. According to the last paragraph, what was made possible by advances in technology?

החלק הבא כולל קטע קריאה, ואחריו שאלות הקשורות אליו. בכל שאלה, בחרו את התשובה מתאימה ביותר בהתבסס על קטע הקריאה.

This part consists of a reading passage, followed by several related question. For each question, choose the most appropriate answer based on the text.

In 2006 the International Astronomical Union (IAU) demoted the much-loved Pluto from its position as the ninth planet from the Sun to one of five “dwarf planets.” The IAU had likely not anticipated the widespread outrage that followed the change in the solar system’s lineup. When the announcement was made (and even over 10 years later), people around the world objected to the planet’s demotion on principle, saying that it altered tradition and history, rather than engaging with the scientific reasoning. So, what was the IAU’s reason for demoting Pluto when it did? Why is Pluto no longer a planet?

The main event of the 2006 General Assembly of the IAU was the official definition of the term “planet”. The definition was fiercely debated by the members of the union, and this proposal and outcome would come to demote Pluto, as well as become a defining moment for the rest of the solar system. What was once a loose word used to describe a large object within the solar system, was now specific: planets are celestial objects large enough to be made rounded by their gravitational orbit around the Sun and to have shooed away neighboring planetary objects and debris. Pluto is now classified as a dwarf planet because, while it is large enough to have become spherical, it is not big enough to exert its orbital dominance and clear the neighborhood surrounding its orbit.

Before the resolution in 2006, the term “planet” had no working definition. The term was based on classification from before some of the major modern discoveries within the universe, which were made possible by advances in technology. To many citizens of Earth, the demotion of Pluto felt like a break from tradition, and it was precisely that—a positive step forward into a new light, new knowledge, and changing perspectives of the universe.

5. What is the main purpose of this text?

החלק הבא כולל קטע קריאה, ואחריו שאלות הקשורות אליו. בכל שאלה, בחרו את התשובה מתאימה ביותר בהתבסס על קטע הקריאה.

This part consists of a reading passage, followed by several related question. For each question, choose the most appropriate answer based on the text.

Judaeo-Spanish or Judeo-Spanish, also known as Ladino, is a Romance language derived from Old Spanish. Originally spoken in Spain, and then after the Edict of Expulsion spreading through the Ottoman Empire as well as France, Italy, the Netherlands, Morocco, and England, it is today spoken mainly by Sephardic minorities in more than 30 countries, with most speakers residing in Israel. Although it has no official status in any country, it has been acknowledged as a minority language in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Israel, France, and Turkey. In 2017, it was formally recognized by the Royal Spanish Academy.

The core vocabulary of Judaeo-Spanish is Old Spanish, and it has numerous elements from the other old Romance languages of the Iberian Peninsula. The language has been further enriched by Ottoman Turkish and Semitic vocabulary, such as Hebrew, Aramaic, and Arabic — especially in the domains of religion, law, and spirituality — and most of the vocabulary for new and modern concepts has been adopted through French and Italian. Furthermore, the language is influenced to a lesser degree by other local languages of the Balkans, such as Greek, Bulgarian, and Serbo-Croatian.

Historically, the Rashi script and its cursive form Solitreo have been the main orthographies for writing Judaeo-Spanish. However, today it is mainly written with the Latin alphabet, though some other alphabets such as Hebrew and Cyrillic are still in use. In Turkey, and formerly in the Ottoman Empire, it has been traditionally called Yahudice in Turkish, meaning the “Jewish language.” In Israel, Hebrew speakers usually call the language Espanyolit, Spanyolit, and only in recent years Ladino.

Judaeo-Spanish, once the trade language of the Adriatic Sea, the Balkans, and the Middle-East, and renowned for its rich literature, especially in Salonika, today is under serious threat of extinction. Most native speakers are elderly, and the language is not transmitted to their children or grandchildren for various reasons; consequently, all Judeo-Spanish-speaking communities are undergoing a language shift. In some displaced communities in Spain, Latin America, and elsewhere, there is a threat of assimilation by modern Spanish. It is experiencing, however, a minor revival among Sephardic communities, especially in music.

1. What is the main idea in the first paragraph?

החלק הבא כולל קטע קריאה, ואחריו שאלות הקשורות אליו. בכל שאלה, בחרו את התשובה מתאימה ביותר בהתבסס על קטע הקריאה.

This part consists of a reading passage, followed by several related question. For each question, choose the most appropriate answer based on the text.

Judaeo-Spanish or Judeo-Spanish, also known as Ladino, is a Romance language derived from Old Spanish. Originally spoken in Spain, and then after the Edict of Expulsion spreading through the Ottoman Empire as well as France, Italy, the Netherlands, Morocco, and England, it is today spoken mainly by Sephardic minorities in more than 30 countries, with most speakers residing in Israel. Although it has no official status in any country, it has been acknowledged as a minority language in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Israel, France, and Turkey. In 2017, it was formally recognized by the Royal Spanish Academy.

The core vocabulary of Judaeo-Spanish is Old Spanish, and it has numerous elements from the other old Romance languages of the Iberian Peninsula. The language has been further enriched by Ottoman Turkish and Semitic vocabulary, such as Hebrew, Aramaic, and Arabic — especially in the domains of religion, law, and spirituality — and most of the vocabulary for new and modern concepts has been adopted through French and Italian. Furthermore, the language is influenced to a lesser degree by other local languages of the Balkans, such as Greek, Bulgarian, and Serbo-Croatian.

Historically, the Rashi script and its cursive form Solitreo have been the main orthographies for writing Judaeo-Spanish. However, today it is mainly written with the Latin alphabet, though some other alphabets such as Hebrew and Cyrillic are still in use. In Turkey, and formerly in the Ottoman Empire, it has been traditionally called Yahudice in Turkish, meaning the “Jewish language.” In Israel, Hebrew speakers usually call the language Espanyolit, Spanyolit, and only in recent years Ladino.

Judaeo-Spanish, once the trade language of the Adriatic Sea, the Balkans, and the Middle-East, and renowned for its rich literature, especially in Salonika, today is under serious threat of extinction. Most native speakers are elderly, and the language is not transmitted to their children or grandchildren for various reasons; consequently, all Judeo-Spanish-speaking communities are undergoing a language shift. In some displaced communities in Spain, Latin America, and elsewhere, there is a threat of assimilation by modern Spanish. It is experiencing, however, a minor revival among Sephardic communities, especially in music.

2. When was Judaeo-Spanish spread outside of Spain, according to the first paragraph?

החלק הבא כולל קטע קריאה, ואחריו שאלות הקשורות אליו. בכל שאלה, בחרו את התשובה מתאימה ביותר בהתבסס על קטע הקריאה.

This part consists of a reading passage, followed by several related question. For each question, choose the most appropriate answer based on the text.

Judaeo-Spanish or Judeo-Spanish, also known as Ladino, is a Romance language derived from Old Spanish. Originally spoken in Spain, and then after the Edict of Expulsion spreading through the Ottoman Empire as well as France, Italy, the Netherlands, Morocco, and England, it is today spoken mainly by Sephardic minorities in more than 30 countries, with most speakers residing in Israel. Although it has no official status in any country, it has been acknowledged as a minority language in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Israel, France, and Turkey. In 2017, it was formally recognized by the Royal Spanish Academy.

The core vocabulary of Judaeo-Spanish is Old Spanish, and it has numerous elements from the other old Romance languages of the Iberian Peninsula. The language has been further enriched by Ottoman Turkish and Semitic vocabulary, such as Hebrew, Aramaic, and Arabic — especially in the domains of religion, law, and spirituality — and most of the vocabulary for new and modern concepts has been adopted through French and Italian. Furthermore, the language is influenced to a lesser degree by other local languages of the Balkans, such as Greek, Bulgarian, and Serbo-Croatian.

Historically, the Rashi script and its cursive form Solitreo have been the main orthographies for writing Judaeo-Spanish. However, today it is mainly written with the Latin alphabet, though some other alphabets such as Hebrew and Cyrillic are still in use. In Turkey, and formerly in the Ottoman Empire, it has been traditionally called Yahudice in Turkish, meaning the “Jewish language.” In Israel, Hebrew speakers usually call the language Espanyolit, Spanyolit, and only in recent years Ladino.

Judaeo-Spanish, once the trade language of the Adriatic Sea, the Balkans, and the Middle-East, and renowned for its rich literature, especially in Salonika, today is under serious threat of extinction. Most native speakers are elderly, and the language is not transmitted to their children or grandchildren for various reasons; consequently, all Judeo-Spanish-speaking communities are undergoing a language shift. In some displaced communities in Spain, Latin America, and elsewhere, there is a threat of assimilation by modern Spanish. It is experiencing, however, a minor revival among Sephardic communities, especially in music.

3. In the second paragraph, the writer mentions other languages such as Turkish, Hebrew, Aramaic and Arabic in order to –

החלק הבא כולל קטע קריאה, ואחריו שאלות הקשורות אליו. בכל שאלה, בחרו את התשובה מתאימה ביותר בהתבסס על קטע הקריאה.

This part consists of a reading passage, followed by several related question. For each question, choose the most appropriate answer based on the text.

Judaeo-Spanish or Judeo-Spanish, also known as Ladino, is a Romance language derived from Old Spanish. Originally spoken in Spain, and then after the Edict of Expulsion spreading through the Ottoman Empire as well as France, Italy, the Netherlands, Morocco, and England, it is today spoken mainly by Sephardic minorities in more than 30 countries, with most speakers residing in Israel. Although it has no official status in any country, it has been acknowledged as a minority language in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Israel, France, and Turkey. In 2017, it was formally recognized by the Royal Spanish Academy.

The core vocabulary of Judaeo-Spanish is Old Spanish, and it has numerous elements from the other old Romance languages of the Iberian Peninsula. The language has been further enriched by Ottoman Turkish and Semitic vocabulary, such as Hebrew, Aramaic, and Arabic — especially in the domains of religion, law, and spirituality — and most of the vocabulary for new and modern concepts has been adopted through French and Italian. Furthermore, the language is influenced to a lesser degree by other local languages of the Balkans, such as Greek, Bulgarian, and Serbo-Croatian.

Historically, the Rashi script and its cursive form Solitreo have been the main orthographies for writing Judaeo-Spanish. However, today it is mainly written with the Latin alphabet, though some other alphabets such as Hebrew and Cyrillic are still in use. In Turkey, and formerly in the Ottoman Empire, it has been traditionally called Yahudice in Turkish, meaning the “Jewish language.” In Israel, Hebrew speakers usually call the language Espanyolit, Spanyolit, and only in recent years Ladino.

Judaeo-Spanish, once the trade language of the Adriatic Sea, the Balkans, and the Middle-East, and renowned for its rich literature, especially in Salonika, today is under serious threat of extinction. Most native speakers are elderly, and the language is not transmitted to their children or grandchildren for various reasons; consequently, all Judeo-Spanish-speaking communities are undergoing a language shift. In some displaced communities in Spain, Latin America, and elsewhere, there is a threat of assimilation by modern Spanish. It is experiencing, however, a minor revival among Sephardic communities, especially in music.

4.  In the third paragraph, the Rashi script is mentioned as-

החלק הבא כולל קטע קריאה, ואחריו שאלות הקשורות אליו. בכל שאלה, בחרו את התשובה מתאימה ביותר בהתבסס על קטע הקריאה.

This part consists of a reading passage, followed by several related question. For each question, choose the most appropriate answer based on the text.

Judaeo-Spanish or Judeo-Spanish, also known as Ladino, is a Romance language derived from Old Spanish. Originally spoken in Spain, and then after the Edict of Expulsion spreading through the Ottoman Empire as well as France, Italy, the Netherlands, Morocco, and England, it is today spoken mainly by Sephardic minorities in more than 30 countries, with most speakers residing in Israel. Although it has no official status in any country, it has been acknowledged as a minority language in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Israel, France, and Turkey. In 2017, it was formally recognized by the Royal Spanish Academy.

The core vocabulary of Judaeo-Spanish is Old Spanish, and it has numerous elements from the other old Romance languages of the Iberian Peninsula. The language has been further enriched by Ottoman Turkish and Semitic vocabulary, such as Hebrew, Aramaic, and Arabic — especially in the domains of religion, law, and spirituality — and most of the vocabulary for new and modern concepts has been adopted through French and Italian. Furthermore, the language is influenced to a lesser degree by other local languages of the Balkans, such as Greek, Bulgarian, and Serbo-Croatian.

Historically, the Rashi script and its cursive form Solitreo have been the main orthographies for writing Judaeo-Spanish. However, today it is mainly written with the Latin alphabet, though some other alphabets such as Hebrew and Cyrillic are still in use. In Turkey, and formerly in the Ottoman Empire, it has been traditionally called Yahudice in Turkish, meaning the “Jewish language.” In Israel, Hebrew speakers usually call the language Espanyolit, Spanyolit, and only in recent years Ladino.

Judaeo-Spanish, once the trade language of the Adriatic Sea, the Balkans, and the Middle-East, and renowned for its rich literature, especially in Salonika, today is under serious threat of extinction. Most native speakers are elderly, and the language is not transmitted to their children or grandchildren for various reasons; consequently, all Judeo-Spanish-speaking communities are undergoing a language shift. In some displaced communities in Spain, Latin America, and elsewhere, there is a threat of assimilation by modern Spanish. It is experiencing, however, a minor revival among Sephardic communities, especially in music.

5. Why does the writer say that the language was “once the trade language of the Adriatic Sea, the Balkans, and the Middle East” in the last paragraph?

החלק הבא כולל קטע קריאה, ואחריו שאלות הקשורות אליו. בכל שאלה, בחרו את התשובה מתאימה ביותר בהתבסס על קטע הקריאה.

This part consists of a reading passage, followed by several related question. For each question, choose the most appropriate answer based on the text.

Judaeo-Spanish or Judeo-Spanish, also known as Ladino, is a Romance language derived from Old Spanish. Originally spoken in Spain, and then after the Edict of Expulsion spreading through the Ottoman Empire as well as France, Italy, the Netherlands, Morocco, and England, it is today spoken mainly by Sephardic minorities in more than 30 countries, with most speakers residing in Israel. Although it has no official status in any country, it has been acknowledged as a minority language in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Israel, France, and Turkey. In 2017, it was formally recognized by the Royal Spanish Academy.

The core vocabulary of Judaeo-Spanish is Old Spanish, and it has numerous elements from the other old Romance languages of the Iberian Peninsula. The language has been further enriched by Ottoman Turkish and Semitic vocabulary, such as Hebrew, Aramaic, and Arabic — especially in the domains of religion, law, and spirituality — and most of the vocabulary for new and modern concepts has been adopted through French and Italian. Furthermore, the language is influenced to a lesser degree by other local languages of the Balkans, such as Greek, Bulgarian, and Serbo-Croatian.

Historically, the Rashi script and its cursive form Solitreo have been the main orthographies for writing Judaeo-Spanish. However, today it is mainly written with the Latin alphabet, though some other alphabets such as Hebrew and Cyrillic are still in use. In Turkey, and formerly in the Ottoman Empire, it has been traditionally called Yahudice in Turkish, meaning the “Jewish language.” In Israel, Hebrew speakers usually call the language Espanyolit, Spanyolit, and only in recent years Ladino.

Judaeo-Spanish, once the trade language of the Adriatic Sea, the Balkans, and the Middle-East, and renowned for its rich literature, especially in Salonika, today is under serious threat of extinction. Most native speakers are elderly, and the language is not transmitted to their children or grandchildren for various reasons; consequently, all Judeo-Spanish-speaking communities are undergoing a language shift. In some displaced communities in Spain, Latin America, and elsewhere, there is a threat of assimilation by modern Spanish. It is experiencing, however, a minor revival among Sephardic communities, especially in music.

6. Music is mentioned in the last paragraph as –